The role of smoking in periodontal diseases has been extensively studied for many years.An increasing amount of scientific data has demonstrated a clear association between smoking and the prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases,suggesting smoking as an important risk for periodontal diseases.

    Many earlier studies on smoking and chronic gingivities have reported both more gingival and calculus in smokers.However,in recent studies,when the plaque level has been controlled for,smokers have demonstrated less gingival infammation and less gingival bleeding when compared with non-smokers,indicating a suppressed gingival inflammation.These results,which suggest a lower bleeding propensity for smokers,are not surprising given the well-known effect of nocotine exterting local vasoconstriction on peripheral circulation.

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• Components of a tooth
• Oral smokeless tobacco-induced changes